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There has always been a fascination in the West with ancient philosophy, especially the Greeks, as it is assumed Greeks gave us philosophy. Studying the Ancients used to be a central part of liberal education. You could not be a well-rounded, educated person without at least some exposure to Greek philosophy. That has died out in elite circles, but it continues in less elite circles. The internet is full of philosophers without portfolio talking about and teaching the Ancients.

The funny thing about this recent fascination with the Ancients is that it tends to ignore the part most relevant to our age, which is the Peloponnesian War. The internet is full of people interested in the pre-Socratics and, of course, legions who want to talk about Plato and Aristotle, but few hipsters are into what is arguably the most important war in human history, or at least Western history. Similarly, Thucydides is the one Ancient who seems to be on everyone’s ignore list.

One reason for that is despite the greatness of Athens, she was on the losing side in this great battle in the ancient world. Not only did Athens lose to Sparta, but she also lost her democracy for a period when the Spartans imposed an oligarchy. This was eventually overthrown, but the aftermath was the Golden age of Greek philosophy, which suggests maybe it was not Athenian democracy that gave us Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle but the failure of democracy that produced these men.

That is open to dispute, obviously, but given the times, it seems that the place to start, if one is hoping to find answers to the current crisis in the ancient world, is not the time after Athens lost the war, but the period before it. The heroic ideas that come from the Ancients are in the period prior to the Peloponnesian War, when the Greek world struggled to unite in order to defeat the Persians. This was the time of Thermopylae, Marathon, and the great sea battle at Salamis.

It was after the stunning defeat of the mighty Persians that Athens was at its peak politically and militarily. This is where to start when thinking about what went wrong leading to the defeat at the hands of Sparta. Athens was economically, culturally, and militarily stronger than Sparta, so what happened that eventually led to Athens losing the war to Sparta and her allies? More important, what does this have to do with the American empire in the current crisis?

The first thing to consider is Athenian democracy during the wars with Persia evolved into a wartime operating system. The focus of all internal debate was toward the goal of beating back the Persians. More important, the great success over Persia validated this way of organizing Athenian society and how it approached the world. Her identity was created during the victory over Persia. Put another way, the telos of the Athenian way of life was making war, not making peace.

It is why Athens wanted to continue the war with Persian after the Battle of Plataea, which was the final victory over the Persians. In the process of beating back the Persians, Athens had become a war machine. Sparta, on the other hand, wanted no part in what would be a foreign adventure. For the Spartans, the defeat of Persia changed nothing about how they engaged with the world or organized their society, so it was just another successful defense of their homeland.

Put another way, the lesson the Spartan rulers gained from the victory of Persia is that you should always be vigilant in defense of the homeland, by making sure to never get tangled up in a foreign adventure. Athens, in contrast, came away sure that their culture and political order were morally superior. The proof of this was the victory over the competing moral order of the time, what the Athenians saw as tyranny. The Athenian way of life was morally superior to the alternatives.

Now, this is a topic that could fill a library, but the very general point is that the reason Athens became so warlike after the defeat of Persia is that Athens was morally defined during the Persian war. While it did not think of itself as an empire or a war machine, it did come to assume it was the morally superior moral order. It beat back the Persians because it operated on a higher moral plane. This sense of moral superiority inevitably led to the aggressive behavior toward the Greek world.

There is a parallel for our age. The American empire has become a belligerent and reckless giant in geopolitics. Like Athens, the American empire projects power over the seas and through control of the financial system. Also, like Athens, the American empire is hell-bent on picking fights with the great land powers. Instead of Sparta it is Russia and now China. The American empire today looks a lot like what the ancient world faced with the Athenians before the Peloponnesian War.

To continue the comparison, we could look at the American victory in the Cold War as something like the Athenian defeat of Persia. From the perspective of both sides of the Cold War, the struggle was not an old-fashioned fight over resources and status, but a fight between two competing ideologies. Ideologies are about how men ought to organize their societies, so an ideological war is a war over competing moral systems and the winner can claim the moral high ground

The United States, after the Second World War was the defender of freedom, not simply the winner of the war. The eventual defeat of Soviet Communism was proof the American way of doing things was the only proper way of doing things. It is why the end of the Cold War did not result in a long-earned peace dividend, but rather one crusade after another to impose liberalism on the world. The so-called end of history was the start of the great liberal crusade to set the world right.

The other angle here is that the American empire, like Athens during the wars with Persia, evolved into a war machine during the Cold War. The great engine of war making that was created to beat the fascists quickly converted to a way of life seen necessary in defending against communism. For close to half a century, the American empire was a war society. Everything was organized for that purpose, so after the Cold War, that purpose needed a target.

Of course, you can probably start this parallel back further and compare the defeat of the fascists with the defeat of Persia. In this version, the Cold War is one part of what will be seen as the American Peloponnesian War. The first half was the Cold War and the second half, which will lead to a final end of this democratic empire, will come at the hands of the Russians or Chinese or both. It is not a perfect parallel, as historical parallels are never perfect.

If you prefer, you could drop the parallel to the Peloponnesian War and just focus on the fact that Athens evolved morally during its war with Persia. Similarly, the American empire has evolved in wars against what it has viewed as anti-democratic and anti-egalitarian organizing systems. The birth of the American imperial mindset was Gettysburg and for over a century since the Civil War, this imperial mindset has found one monster to slay after another.

In the end, the reason America is now seen as a global bully and troublemaker is it is what it evolved to do which is find wrongs to right. The America that evolved to become the global superpower, the final superpower, did not evolve to keep the peace, but to defeat enemies of its moral order. Like Athens after the defeat of the Persians, the American democracy needs an enemy to exist. As with Athens, the rest of the world now must figure out how to disarm a global belligerent.

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