There are many theories for why the Roman Republic became unstable and eventually collapsed into what we think of as authoritarianism. Given America’s republican history, the collapse of the Roman Republic has been something like Banquo’s ghost, especially for those who call themselves conservatives. Each new innovation is a threat to the republic. The progressives have the same fear, despite their obvious disdain for the republican concept. Caesarism haunts their dreams.
The funny thing about the fall of the Roman Republic is that it was largely the result of trying to save it. When Caesar crossed the Rubicon, he did not think of himself as the destroyer of Rome. He was saving Rome. Sure, he was violating important rules of the Republic, but Rome was too important to worry about petty things. While the idea of a republic assumes that the means justify the ends, saving the Republic was based on the ends justifying the means.
Caesar could not have existed if not for the example of Sulla. He became the key figure in the struggle between the optimates and populares factions. The former backed the supremacy of the senate, while the latter supported the popular reforms of Sulla’s former mentor, Gaius Marius. Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act to defeat the populares and then did it a second time to deliver the final defeat at the Battle of the Colline Gate.
Interestingly, Sulla was made possible by the man he eventually defeated and who he once served in his own efforts to save the Republic. Gaius Marius was a general and a statesman who won the Cimbric and Jugurthine wars. In doing so he held the office of consul an unprecedented seven times. Prior to Marius, the custom was to retire from politics after reaching the position of Consul, but the Republic needed the skilled Marius, so to save the Republic exceptions were made.
Of course, the reason for those extraordinary circumstances was that the opposition in the Jugurthine wars had been able to bribe Roman senators. Jugurtha was a king of Numidia who claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia. This was in defiance of Rome, but he was able to first bribe some senators to get favorable terms and then he bribed Roman generals when war started. Rome needed to make exceptions for Marius because the best Roman citizens were no longer trusted.
You can probably start with the founding of the Roman Republic, the day Brutus stood and watched his own sons be executed for their role in the Tarquinian conspiracy, and chart the exceptions made until Caesar crossed the Rubicon. At first it was mostly personal corruption, small things that were overlooked to keep the peace. Over time it was exceptions to the rules for expediency’s sake. Each time an exception was made, it laid the groundwork for the next exception.
In the future, the robot historians will do the same thing charting the arc of the American republic as it made exceptions here and there, all in the name of expediency to save “our democracy” from some evil. In each case, the people breaking the rules or violating custom have justified what they were doing by claiming that they were breaking the rules in order to save the system. As with the Roman Republic, the American republic has fallen victim to those who claiming to save it.
We are seeing this with the latest batch of indictments of Donald Trump. In fact, the Donald Trump story arc is a microcosm of the process. It started with the so-called conservatives openly siding with their alleged opponents. You see, they were breaking their word because the greater good demanded it. This was the start of a process by which each new violation of the rules and customs is normalized and justified, thus making the next more egregious violation possible.
That process kicked off by Conservative Inc. has led to the last batch of indictments of Donald Trump, which now come with the promise of a rigged trial. The case has been assigned to one of the more corrupt and partisan judges in the system. Unlike the previous charges in Florida, which came with a judge that maintained the façade of impartiality, this judge is a crook and lunatic. This case may as well be held in the Oval Office with Hillary Clinton has judge and jury.
This now paves the way for the Republican Party to change their rules in order to keep Trump off the ballot. They will no doubt claim they are doing this to save the party or save the republic. You see, they are not succumbing to corruption or merely breaking their own rules. No, they are sacrificing in order to save the system from something they say is much worse than breaking the rules. In this process, there is always something worse than breaking the rules.
It is one of the ironies of the human condition. All human societies begin with the question, “who are we?” The answer is a set of rules that define who is in and who is not in the society. Inevitably, there are people who slither in seeking to undermine those rules by looking for loopholes and exceptions. Before long, some people start to see the rules as an obstacle. As the rules give way to this process, the only way to save the rules is to abandon the spirit of them entirely.
Of course, we have the expression “crossing the Rubicon” for a reason. When Caesar made the decision to march on Rome, the Republic was over, as there was no way to put it back together, even if Caesar was defeated. We see this happening with the political persecution of Trump. The people doing it are not going to be talked out of their next brazen violation of the rules. The only way to stop them is to physically remove them from society by any means necessary.
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